Interpretive Analysis Beauty From Pain - 1628 Words

Ghadir J. Smallwood The purpose of this paper is to interpretative analysis lyrics of songs and relate its relevance to the field of abnormal psychology. Music can influence people’s feelings but, can they influence people’s actions? There is offcorse, the possibility that people hear what they want to hear and attach their own meaning to the lyrics. Is it possible that a song can cause suicide, or induce self-mutilation, eating disorders, depression and substance abuse? This paper will explore three songs called, Beauty from Pain by Superchick, Gloomy Sunday by RezsÅ‘ Seress and Pursuit of Happiness by Kid Cudi. When reading, and listing to the lyrics of Beauty from Pain by Superchick the first verse leaves the audience with a sense of hopelessness and longlines. The female song writer known only as Superchick, conveys just how depressed she is with the lines â€Å"I know I m alive but I feel like I ve died and all that s left is to accept that it s over †¦ I feel like I m slipping away†. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 350 million people worldwide suffer from depression. Depression is a low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy or, low self-worth (Comer, 183). Health and beauty in western society’s go hand and hand, as national obsession. The second and forth verse plays on the notion that there is no beauty from pain. The overall tone of the verses feels as if she is struggling with something that is going to make herShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Van Gogh s Agony By Lauren Soth And Under The Starry Night By Denis J. 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Definition of abnormality essay Free Essays

string(96) " be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight\." Revision Notes- Abnormality Definition of abnormality * Failure to function adequately- An assessment of an individual whose disability prevents them from pursing normal goals and activities. Rosenhan and Seligman (89)-7 characteristics; Suffering- most abnormal individuals report that they are suffering Maladaptiveness- danger to self (usually occurs as a result of lacking relevant knowledge and skill) Vivid/unconventional behaviour- ways in which abnormal individuals tend to behave often differs substantially from most people. Unpredictability/loss of control- the behaviour of abnormal people is often very variable, uncontrolled and inappropriate. We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of abnormality essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Irrationality/ incomprehensibility- others cannot understand why anyone would choose to behave in this way Observer discomfort- social behaviour is governed by a number of unwritten norms or rules of behaviour (e. g. not standing too close to someone while talking) Violation of moral/Ideal standards- behaviour may be judged ‘abnormal’ when it violates established more standard Evaluation * Criticised as it depends heavily on subjective assessments- e. g. eople who engage in behaviour that is maladaptive may not consider themselves to be abnormal (adrenaline sports). * Does not sufficiently differentiate abnormal behaviour from behaviour that is non-conformist. * Deviation from social norms-Behaviour that violates implicit and explicit rules and moral standards of a given society. Evaluation * Norms not fixed-change over time. * Abnormal, eccentric or criminal? * Role of context including culture * Risk of abuse * Deviation from mental ideal health- A deviation from the ideal characteristic that people should possess if they are to live optimally. Marie Jahoda’s 6 characteristics; Small- Self actualisation People-Personal growth In-Integration America-Autonomy Poo-Perception of reality Everywhere-Environment mastery Evaluation * Criticised for being subjective as it may differ from person to person and there may be no agreement between people as to what constitutes normal or ideal mental health. * Culture bound by Western ideals of self-fulfilment and individuality (culture relativism) * Most people may fail on some criteria Biological Model * Assumes that psychological and behavioural abnormalities have biological causes. Biological causes include genes, infection, neuro-anatomy and biochemistry. * Genetic concept-supported by Kendler et al. (85)-relatives with schizophrenia and Gottesman (91)-Identical twins * Infection that gets into the brain can cause widespread damage and if the brain is damaged then a person may start to have abnormal experiences or to behave in abnormal ways. (Flu is linked with schizophrenia- (Barr et al. (90)). * Bio-chemistry- Brain relies on hundreds of different chemicals all being in the correct balance. These chemicals (neurotransmitters and hormones) are used to send messages round the brain and nervous system, too much or too little of them can cause the brain to function abnormally. Schizophrenia has been associated with an excess activity in the neurotransmitter dopamine. * Neuro-anatomy- illustrates that schizophrenia is cause by abnormality in the structure of the brain; these abnormality could be inherited. Concept supported by the case study of Phineas Gage. Evaluation * Criticised for being reductionist as it simplifies complex behaviour to its simplest form. Deterministic- As you have no choice over your behaviour or the development of a mental disorder. * Ethical issue –Labelling someone mentally ill as Szaz illustrates that apart from identified disease of the brain, most so-called mental disorders are really problems of living. * Objective- Based on mature biological science. Biological treatments; Drugs- for anxiety, depression and schizophrenia ECT- for severe depression Psychosurgery- for severe anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Evaluation Drugs-sometimes effective but side effect, might treat only symptom and ethical issues. * ECT- quick and sometimes effective, used to prevent suicide, mode of action unclear and ethical issues * Psychosurgery- used as last resort and controversial. Psychodynamic Model * Signifies the existence of the unconscious. * Psychological disorders are cause by emotional problems in the unconscious mind, the cause of these problems can be traced back to early childhood and the relationship between the child and parents is a crucial factor of mental health. 3 main part to the concept; * The Id- present from birth and is the pleasure drive. The Ego- present from the age of 2 and deals with reality by balancing out the ego and superego. The Superego- present from the age of 5 and is morality (knowing the difference between right and wrong). * Defence Mechanisms- operates at an unconscious level and help w ard off unpleasant feelings (i. e. anxiety) or make good things feel better for the individuals. 8 types of defence mechanisms; Displacement-redirecting repressed desires Sublimation- transforming aggressive and sexual desires into a socially acceptable expression Projection- Attributing your own acceptable impulses or characteristic to someone else Denial-denying what happen Repression-involves putting unacceptable thoughts and experience into the unconscious Reaction formation- where a person goes beyond denial and behaves in the opposite way to which he or she thinks or feels Rationalisation- involves supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real reason. helps to protect our sense of self-esteem) Regression- Involves returning to a pervious stage of development. Regression is the giving up of mature problems solving methods in favour of child-like approaches to fixing problems to deal with stress. * Psychosexual stage- suggest that if you receive too much or too little at one of the stages you will become fixated at the stage and regress back to it in later life. Evaluation * Psychodynamic model has been criticised as it is unscient ific in its analysis of human behaviour. Psychodynamic model has been accused for being sexist as it proposes behaviour difference between men and women, especially women’s inferiority , are due to biology and not social and cultural factors, and so the difference are fixed and unalterable. * Deterministic- leaving little room for the idea of personal agency (i. e. free will) * Ethical issues- people are not to blame for their own abnormal behaviour, but may be partially responsible for the development of abnormal behaviour in their offspring. Treatment * Psychoanalysis- for anxiety disorders Dream analysis Free association-involves reading a list of words (e. g. mother, childhood etc. ) and the patient immediately responds with the first word that comes to mind. It is hoped that fragments of repressed memories will emerge in the course of free association. Ink blots * Found by Freud, who believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. You read "Definition of abnormality essay" in category "Essay examples" * Psychoanalytic psychologist see psychological problems as rooted in the unconscious mind, typical causes include unresolved issues during development or repressed trauma. Evaluation The case study of Anna O (repressed traumatic experience of her father’s death) and Little Hans (young boy who developed a phobia for horses) supports the theory of psychoanalysis. * Psychoanalysis may speed up the rate at which clients get better. * The nature of Psychoanalysis creates a power imbalance between therapist an d client that could raise ethical issues. * Psychoanalysis – tends to be expensive and time-consuming * Psychoanalysis is generally considered more appropriate for treating neurotic disorders such as anxiety, but it is less suitable for patients with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Behaviourists’ criticism- behavioural approach to psychopathology think the abnormal behaviour is the disorder and so it is better to concentrate on changing the problem behaviour rather than spend time digging into distant childhood conflicts. Behavioural Model * Behavioural model approach focuses on the ‘behaviour’ of an individual in order to explain psychological problems. * Assumptions of the model- abnormal behaviour is maladaptive and what was learnt can be unlearnt by the same principle. Explains the emergence of specific, maladaptive, or dysfunctional behaviour such as phobia, anxiety and depression, through the process of classical conditioning, operant cond itioning and social learning. * Classical conditioning- consist of three stages; Before conditioning- the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned response (UCR) in an organism. This stage also involves another stimulus which has no effect on a person and is called the neutral stimulus (NS). During conditioning- during this stage, a stimulus which produces no response (i. . neutral) is associated the UCS at which point it now becomes CS. After condition-the conditioned stimulus has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned response. * Watson and Rayner study on Little Albert supported the conditioning theory. Before conditioningLoud noise Fear/crying(UCS) (UR)During conditioning Loud noise (UCS) +Fear/crying (UCR)White rat (NS)After conditioning White rat (CS) Fear/crying (CR)| * Social learning theory-Behaviours are learned through imitation, that is, by observing others. Observational learning is particularly powerful for those who model the behaviour are seen to be rewarded. Some phobias such as fear of spiders are learnt by observing other people showing fear when they see spider. Mineka et al. study on monkey illustrates that fear is not genetically inherited as parents of the young monkeys who already feared snakes did not automatically acquire this fear themselves. However, when some monkeys did observer their parent showing fearful reaction they did acquire an intense and persistent fear. Evaluation Behavioural model focuses on dealing with patients’ maladaptive behaviour derived or caused by their prior conditioning or reinforcement history. * Rejects role of genetic inheritance and the role of other psychological (cognitive and psychodynamic) factors in the development of psychological disorders. * Criticised for being reductionist- reduces all behaviour to simply learning by association, reinforcement, punishment and modelling. * Dete rministic- complex human behaviour includes thinking, language, reasoning, problem solving, and feeling will probably need alternative explanations. Much evidence for behaviourism comes from laboratory studies with animal. To suggest this is demeaning to some people, they point to human behaviour as being governed more by thinking i. e. cognitive and emotional factors. * Abnormal behaviour is determined by external environmental factors e. g. conditioning history and social and cultural factors, so individuals cannot be held responsible for their behaviour. Treatment * Classical conditioning includes systematic desensitization and aversion therapy. * Systematic desensitization- a behavioural therapy used to treat phobias and anxieties. After being trained in relaxation techniques, the phobic person is gradually exposed to situations that are more and more anxiety-provoking, until the fear response is placed by one of relaxation. For example: Dog causing Fear Needs to be changed to Dog causing Calmness and relaxation (pleasant feeling) * Aversion therapy- a behavioural treatment that aims to rid the individual of an undesirable habit (e. g. smoking) by pairing the habit with unpleasant (aversive) consequences. For example: Emetic (drug) Sick Emetic +smoke Sick Smoking Sick (aversive response) * Flooding is also another way to treat phobias. Flooding consist confronting the feared object or situation head on and not in small manageable steps. The idea is to flood or overwhelm the client with fear because after a time the fear will inevitably subside helping the client realise they won’t die and that really have nothing to fear. This procedure must only be carried out with the approval of the client. Token economy-a behavioural technique that reinforces appropriate behaviour by awarding tokens that can be exchanged for goods or privileges. Evaluation * Research support for systematic desensitization but implosion and flooding are quicker. * Some research support but ethical concerns over aversion therapy. * Research support for token economy but risk of institutional bias and token learning. Cognitive Model * Cognitive model stress the role of cognitive problems such as irrational thinking in abnormal functioning. Irrational thoughts are the causes for abnormality; if the thinking is changed the mental illness should be able to be cured. * Difference between the behavioural model and cognitive model is that behavioural model does not take the mental process into consideration. * Ellis (1962) called irrational thoughts ‘cognitive errors’. * Two processes that leads to irrational thinking; mustabation and awfulizing. * Mustabation is when a person stresses that they ‘must’ do something * Awfulizing is when a person over-generalises by saying e. g. â€Å" I didn’t go university so I must be stupid†. This theory can be challenged by questioning the assumption that people who don’t go university are stupid and give example of successful people that didn’t go university e. g. Alan Sugar. * Cognitive distortions are another example of faulty thoughts processes, and include over generalisation, magnifications and minimisation. * Generalisation- r efers to learning to reach a conclusion about the world based on evidence from a single events * Magnification- the tendency to magnify small events, usually setbacks, so they appear more serious that they really are * Minimisation- the tendency to turn something significant. Becks research supports this concept as he carried out a research which involved 48 adults with primarily mild or moderate intellectual disability. They participated in semi-structured interview, twice approximately 16 weeks apart, as did an additional 12 adults diagnosed with depression. Participants reported on depressed mood, the cognitive triad, as measured by views of the self, the world and the future, hopelessness and self-esteem. The finding showed that the cognitive triad inventory for children displayed adequate psychometric properties in this sample. It correlated with depressed mood, and individuals diagnosed with depression have significantly higher scores on the cognitive triad inventory for child ren than those with no psychiatric diagnoses. * A negative cognitive did not predict depressed mood 4 months later, but the inverse relationship where depressed mood predicted a later negative cognitive triad approached statistical significance. * Certain childhood and adolescence experience (such as the loss of a parent or criticism from teacher) leads to the development of a cognitive triad consisting three interlocking negative belief. These concern the self, the world and the future, and cause people to have distorted and constricted outlook on life. The beliefs lead people to magnify bad, and minimise good experiences. The cognitive triad is maintained by several kinds of distorted and unreasonable interpretation of real events that contribute to depression. Treatment * Cognitive behavioural therapy is a therapeutic approach in psychology that is intended to help individuals learn to cope with anxiety inducing or stressful situation by rationally addressing faulty cognition and the ways in which it leads to inappropriate and self-defeating behaviour. How to cite Definition of abnormality essay, Essays

Five Effective Ways of Advertising

Question: Write about the Five Effective Ways of Advertising. Answer: Introduction The effectiveness of advertisement illustrates how well advertisement of a company achieves the intended. With the help of effective advertising, the company is able to reach to its targeted customers and they also come to know how many individuals actually view their advertisement. The key objective of effective advertisement is to augment sales and profits of the organization and as a result, a profitable advertisement is an effectual one. Brand awareness is considered as another major metric of effective advertising. Brand awareness helps to illustrate the percentage of individuals who recognizes the brand of the company (Madera et al. 2016). The report provides an overview about five effective ways of advertising that is considered as a major element in order to run a successful business. In order to find the best advertising methods for an organization, it is imperative to make the use of some experimentation that may differ according to the products and services. The Philippines is a brand aware market where advertisement plays a key role in the promotion of most customer products (Daz 2015). Effective Ways of Advertising The five ways of effective advertising are as follows: Effective Headlines A headline in advertising grasps the attention that is quite similar to that of headline in the newspaper. Effective headline acts as the initial contact with the targeted audiences. It is decisive in capturing attention with a fascinating title. According to Lai and Farbrot (2014), effective headline is considered about 70 percent liable for the effectiveness of the advertisement. It is imperative for the headline to generate a poignant response that encourages probable customers to persist to the ad content. The effective headline that is provided by Nike in order to grab more customers includes when the shoes get lighter, the moves get tighter (Lai and Farbrot 2014). It can be stated that a great headline starts with a great imaginative brief. It is mostly believed by most of the creative directors that a great headline acts as the unique selling proposition (USP) for all the products (Shaw, Jain and Chatterjee 2015). Effective headlines are also considered as natural attention-ge tters. Customers always have the propensity to view the headline of the product that they desire to purchase. As a result, headlines act an important guide that provides clear signal to help customers whether they should purchase the product or not. According to an advertising expert, individuals go through the headline five times before go through the body copy of the advertisement (Shafitri and Himmawati 2014). It is also known to fuel interest among the customers as effective headlines are also known to prepare the customers for what is coming next. With the help of a good headline, the customers set up a feeling of expectation as the reader expects discovering more. Cross Promotions This is the ideal method of advertising, by which an organization can expand its targeted audience. Cross-promotion has the probability for big marketing payoff, as it will become easier for the partners to expand the customer base of each other (Breugelmans and Campo 2016). Cross-promotion is a type of marketing promotion where customers of a particular goods or services are mostly targeted with promotion of an associated product. A distinctive example of cross-media marketing is media marketing or brand marketing. It mostly includes operation of two or more companies in promoting a service or a product in a method that benefits both (Breugelmans and Campo 2016). The cost of cross-promotion is also negligible that leads to a win-win situation for both the parties. It is also considered as the easiest and one of the most successful marketing strategies that helps in effective promotion. Local advertisers in Philippines make the use of electronic billboards as well as web advertisemen t that helps to promote their commodities. The Business Service Provider is a listing of Philippine-based Company that provides trade facilitation services to the US companies (Walton et al. 2016). Cross-promotion strategies help an organization to stand out with the help of which a company will be able to provide free products and services to the targeted customers that helps to increase the sales. Cross marketing involves the usage of touch points with the help of individuals interacts with a brand at several level and at several times. Most of the fast food restaurants often indulge in combined advertising with beverages like Pepsi and Coca Cola (Vaidyanathan 2015). With the help of cross-marketing, brand equity is mostly increased that leads to user engagement. Humor In case of advertising a product in the market, humor and outrageous are the effective ways to achieve a customer and the brand name. This way is also effective to the consumers who are not appropriately shopping or purchase the product. According to Walton et al. (2014), it can be mentioned that television and the commercial captures the public willingness and leave a permanent impression of a corporate brand to the consumers. Therefore, the marketing managers aim to conduct a memorable ad campaigns, which are tend to be funny. Advertisers follow this strategy in order to attract the consumers for their products. Hence, it can be mentioned that the consumers used to be entertained. In this context, it can be mentioned that the consumers will like to pay more attention towards the humorous commercial advertisement compared to the factual advertisement. This type of advertisement is effective o those consumers, who are thinking least about the product. On the other hand, Ward, Hancock and Macrae (2014) opined that the products, which are comparatively cheaper and the consumers hardly consume, can be marketed without considering a lot of facts. For example, chocolates, foods, alcohol, toys such type of products have proven to get additional advantage through the humor advertisement approach. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that humor advertisement strategy is helpful to differentiate a product among the entire competition. According to Shaw, Jain and Chatterjee (2015), it can be mentioned that advertising humor would be significant when it is used with the frequent purchase of the products. Therefore, an established organization has a stronger brand identity, which would be well known to the consumers. In addition, it can be stated that humor advertising would be able to increase the product recognition as well as reduce the skeptical behavior of the consumers. Freitas et al. (2013) cited that humor advertisement would be benefitted to get higher scores for recognition as well as product preferences. Internet Marketing Internet marketing or the online marketing implies the advertising and the marketing efforts, which use the web as well as emails to drive the direct sales through the electronic means of commerce. As opined by Papadopoulos et al. (2016), internet marketing is an effective approach for the organizations, which require a cost effective way to reach broader advertising markets. The effective business practices are the website reports, which would be helpful for the 70 per cent consumers who are used to make online shopping. In this context, it can be added that the organizations can take the help of social networking sites for marketing or promoting a new product in the market. In this connection, Daz (2015) mentioned that there are three types of internet marketing such as web marketing, email marketing and the social media marketing. Web marketing considers the e-commerce websites, informative or the promotional websites, affiliate-marketing websites for the effective means of advertisement. On the other hand, email marketing includes both the promotional and the advertising marketing efforts through mail messages for the present and the prospective consumers. Lastly, social media marketing includes both the advertising and the marketing efforts through social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter or You Tube. In the points of Breugelmans and Campo (2016), it can be stated that internet banking can increase the visibility of the organizations. On the other hand, social media marketing is helpful to be connected with the potential and the returning consumers. It is helpful for the organizations to maintain the business competition against the small as well as larger online retailers. Therefore, it can be stated that online marketing team reflects to the lead generation to sales (Lai and Farbrot 2014). Premiums In case of advertisement for a business, the premium approach describes the displaying organizational names, logos, brand or the other relevant information, which would be given for free. In this connection, the organizations would make a small investment in the organization such as they provides T-shirts, hats, pens, writing pads, mouse pads, coffee mugs are an attractive way to get the name of the organization out there. As per the statement of Madera et al. (2016), it can be mentioned that such products achieve longevity for the sake of the consumers. This would leave a subconscious effectiveness. In this context, the organizations advertise in newspapers, magazines or the other print of publications before purchasing the advertising space. Purchasing premium space for the organizations print advertisement, which would expand the organizations strengthen and therefore, this would increase the effectiveness of the advertising approach. Moreover, right hand pages are helpful for the premium advertisement in larger magazines. Based on the target consumers, the organization want to run in a section, which might seem appropriate for the newspaper sales clerk (Shafitri and Himmawati 2014). Conclusion This study is helpful to identify the five effective ways of advertising, which are helpful to market or promote a new product in the market. Advertisement is helpful to increase the consumers attention towards the products and therefore, this would increase the sales of the organization. It can be concluded that humor and outrageous are considered as the fantastic method that helps to increase targeted audience as well as brand name. It can also be concluded that it is imperative for the headline to generate a poignant response that encourages probable customers to persist to the ad content. On the other hand, internet marketing is considered as the evolution of modern technology. Internet marketing is a form of promotional marketing that also includes media marketing as well as display marketing. Advertising in Philippines helps a company to earn passive income with the help of online advertising proceeds. It can also be concluded that small businesses in Philippines will also be a ble to make more money by augmenting brand awareness on the Internet by advertising in online Yellow pages or through search engines such as Yahoo and Google. References Breugelmans, E. and Campo, K., 2016. Cross-Channel Effects of Price Promotions: An Empirical Analysis of the Multi-Channel Grocery Retail Sector.Journal of Retailing,92(3), pp.333-351. Carter-Harris, L., Ellis, R.B., Warrick, A. and Rawl, S., 2016. Beyond traditional newspaper advertisement: leveraging Facebook-targeted advertisement to recruit long-term smokers for research.Journal of Medical Internet Research,18(6). Daz, N.R., 2015. English Private Tutoring in France: The Race for a Better Job Starts in Advertisement Campaigns.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,173, pp.176-180. Freitas, N.X., Conneely, S., Meyer, W. and Oakes, J., Hewlett-Packard Development Company, LP, 2013.Flexible wireless advertisement integration in wireless software applications. U.S. Patent 8,458,286. Lai, L. and Farbrot, A., 2014. What makes you click? The effect of question headlines on readership in computer-mediated communication.Social Influence,9(4), pp.289-299. Madera, Q., Castillo, O., Garcia, M. and Mancilla, A., 2016, December. Interactive evolutionary computation with adaptive mutation for increasing the effectiveness of advertisement texts. InComputational Intelligence (SSCI), 2016 IEEE Symposium Series on(pp. 1-6). IEEE Papadopoulos, D., Demiris, C., Giotopoulos, K., Giannoukou, I. and Antonopoulou, H., 2016, June. Application of Neural Networks in Economy. The Influence of Advertisement in Business Turnover. In4 th International Conference on Contemporary Marketing Issues ICCMI June 22-24, 2016 Heraklion, Greece(p. 241). Shafitri, I.D. and Himmawati, D.R., 2014. Interrogative Sentence Of Cosmetic Advertisement Headlines In Cosmopolitan Magazine.Jurnal Mahasiswa Teknologi Pendidikan,2(03). Shaw, S., Jain, R. and Chatterjee, S., Google Inc., 2015.Delivering content to users based on advertisement interaction type. U.S. Patent 9,047,622. Vaidyanathan, R., 2015. Building Brand Equity Through Bundling: the Effect of Cross-Brand Promotions on Perceptions.NA-Advances in Consumer Research Volume 43. Walton, D., Retana, A., Chen, E. and Scudder, J., 2016.Advertisement of multiple paths in BGP(No. RFC 7911). Ward III, T.E., Hancock, K. and Macrae, D.B., Gemstar Development Corporation, 2014.System and method for modifying advertisement responsive to EPG information. U.S. Patent 8,635,649.